Detailed Solution:
The correct answer is “Both A and R are is the correct explanation of A”.
1) Changes in population size (growth or decline) and its composition (age structure, demographic characteristics) can influence various aspects of society, such as workforce dynamics, economic development, cultural norms, etc.
2) Generally, women who are employed tend to have fewer children compared to those who are not. Factors like education, financial independence, and changing societal roles contribute to this trend.