Detailed Solution:
The correct answer is “Both (a) and (b)”.
Both income poverty and human poverty are recognized categories by the UNDP in understanding and addressing poverty comprehensively.
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) identifies poverty in two broad categories:
Income Poverty: This refers to a lack of sufficient income to meet basic needs, such as food, clothing, and shelter. It is often measured by the income level of individuals or households.
Human Poverty: This goes beyond income and considers other dimensions that affect quality of life, such as lack of access to education, healthcare, safe drinking water, sanitation, and opportunities for participation in society. Human poverty emphasizes the deprivation of basic human capabilities rather than just income.